![]() The biological translator thus has a somewhat easier task than the translation of human languages, because the mRNA and protein sequences are colinear. This has been shown for many proteins, which can be denatured and then refolded to re‐form active protein tertiary structure. A biological translation system must know where messages start and stop.Ī protein molecule's amino acid sequence determines its properties. In fact, a number of severe genetic diseases are caused by mutations that cause a “frameshifted” protein whose information is meaningless. Because the genetic code is a triplet code, two of the three “messages” in a string of nucleic acids are usually meaningless. ![]() Thirdly, punctuation and reading frame selection are essential components of the process. Both cases need a proofing mechanism to check that the information transfer is accurate. The wrong amino acid in a protein could, in principle, lead to the death of the cell, just as the wrong word in translation of a diplomatic message could lead to a war. Secondly, the error frequency of the process must be kept to a minimum. Transfer RNA is that adaptor molecule for biological information. Just as the translation of one language into another requires a translator, the genetic code requires an adaptor molecule. The genetic code can be thought of as a dictionary giving the equivalents for words from one language to another. which is a set of rules giving the correspondence between mRNA and protein sequence information. The correspondence between nucleic acid information and protein information is given by the genetic code. The information problem of biological translation is the way in which a protein sequence can be encoded by a nucleic acid sequence. Translation can't be too literal and has to preserve the context of information as well as its symbols. Translation-the conversion of one language to another-is much more difficult, whether in human language or in biochemical language. Like the transcription of spoken language into written language, the units of information (nucleotides in nucleic acids, words in speech and writing) are the same. The synthesis of RNA is called transcription because it is simply the copying of DNA “language” into RNA. The Lactose Operon-A Look at Regulation.Nitrogen Fixation, Assimilation, Elimination.Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Its Control.Odd‐Numbered Chain and Branched Fatty Acids.Fatty Acyl‐CoA: β‐Oxidation Helical Scheme.Activation: Fatty Acid ⇄ Fatty Acyl‐CoA.
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